Magic lanterns are the predecessor of the slide projector and first appeared in their most basic forms around the mid 1600s. The images are hand painted on the glass slides using a transparent type gum that allows light to be passed through it. The image is then projected onto a screen using magnifying lenses and a light source.

These eight slides are all beautifully and skilfully hand painted. They demonstrate the following astronomical events: day and night, the phases of the moon and tides, the movement of a comet in relation to the sun, the annual and diurnal motion of the Earth, the movement of the Poles and Seasons, the movement of Venus, the phases of the moon and the tides, and one demonstrates that the Earth is round.

Magic Lanterns were most commonly used for entertainment and as objects of wonder. The use of a magic lantern to teach astronomy was one of the first useful purposes for these devices. They were used to teach and demonstrate certain aspects of astronomy and became popular tools by lecturers on the subject .

These slides were made by Dollond who was a significant 19th century scientific instrument maker. John Dollond's advancements in lens design not only benefited the telescope, but also camera obscuras and magic lanterns, like the one that would have been used to view these slides. Dolland's achromatic lens allowed a much clearer picture with a coloured ring surrounding the image.

These magic lantern slides remain of national significance due to their pioneering role in Australian science and their association with Australia's earliest astronomers. They are also significant for their association with nineteenth century instrument makers.

References:
http://www.precinemahistory.net/1830.htm
Dionysius Lardner, Hand Books of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, Philadelphia, 1854
Arthur Thomas Malkin, The Gallery of Portraits with memoirs, Volume 3, London, 1834 pp 12-19

Erika Dicker, Assistant Curator, November 2007

This instrument has the maker's mark of 'Dollond' inscribed on it. The Dollond workshops in England produced quality precision and scientific instruments over a long period of time in the 19th century. A large number of scientific instruments in museum collections are signed with the Dollond signature, however it can be difficult to know which specific member of the Dollond family would have made the object. As the Dollond firm was so highly respected numerous instruments were produced by others with misleadingly similar maker's marks such as Dolland.

John Dollond (1706-1761) began his working life as a textile weaver to support his family after the death of his father. He devoted his spare time to the study of mathematics and natural philosophy. Dollond raised his own family and continued in his weaving business where he was eventually joined by his eldest son, Peter.

Peter Dollond (1730-1820) had adopted his father's passion for science and mathematics and quit the silk trade in the mid 1700s, to commence his own business as an optician. He commenced business in 1750 and was only moderately successful until he was joined by his Father, John, in 1752. After quitting the weaving trade, John Dollond wasted no time in putting his passion into practice, and by 1753 was presenting his improvements in the micrometer to the Royal Society.

His micrometer, used in astronomy, allowed the user to determine the distance separating two objects, observed through a telescope. John Dollond preferred this device to be used with a reflecting telescope, however his son soon adapted the device so it could also be used with a refracting telescope. This instrument is now know as a divided object-glass micrometer, and was one of the most useful instruments for measuring small angles in astronomy. The usefulness of this invention made the Dollond name instantly popular with both amateur and professional astronomers.

John Dollond, and the Dollond name, rose to more fame with his development of the achromatic lens. This lens had corrected chromatic aberration by using lenses compounded of elements of different glasses. This destroyed the surrounding fringe of colours, which had previously made the images formed in a refracting telescope indistinct. This development was hugely beneficial to observing telescopes. John Dollond's achromatic lenses were presented to the Royal Society in 1758 , and he was awarded the society's highest award, the Copley Medal, for his achievements.

Through John and Peter Dollond's achievements, the Dollond name became one of prestige and quality in regards to scientific instruments in the mid 1700s. During this time, they were also commissioned to produce precision instruments for the Royal Observatory, which was a huge asset to a makers name.

John Dollond was granted fellowship to the Royal Society in 1761 , the same year he died from apoplexy (stroke). Peter Dollond continued to work in the business alone, becoming the optician to His Majesty and to His Royal Highness the Duke of York in 1763. In 1766 Peter Dollond was joined in business by his younger brother, John Dollond (2), who later left to pursuit his own career in 1804.

Peter Dollond's nephew, George Huggins (1774-1852), joined him in business in 1804. George changed his name to George Dollond upon entering the partnership. The new partnership was extremely successful, with the Dollond name being described as the "most prestigious optical instruments makers in Britain" in the early 1800s.

George Dollond was elected to a fellowship into the Royal Society in 1819 and was an active participant in founding the Astronomical Society in 1820.

George Dollond took ownership of the business in 1820, upon the death of his uncle Peter, and was joined by his son George Huggins (2). As his father had done, half a century before him, George Huggins (2) changed his last name to Dollond upon entering the business. Upon George Dollond's (1) death in 1852, the Dollond business was taken over by his son, George Dollond(2).

The following is a list of dates and corresponding workshop addresses, found inscribed on Dollond instruments in museum collections. (please note this list may not be totally accurate but can be used as a rough guide):

John and Peter Dollond:
1750 to 1752= Vine Street, Spitalfields, London
1752 to 1763= Golden Spectacles and Sea Quadrant, near Exeter Exchange,
Strand, London.

Peter Dollond:
1763 to 1766= at the Sign of the Prisms, London

1766 to 1795= 59 St. Paul's Churchyard, London

1795 to 1804= 35 Haymarket, London

Peter and George Dollond:
1804 to 1820= St Paul's Churchyard, London

George Dollond (1) George Dollond (2):
1820 to 1854= St Paul's Churchyard, London

George Dollond (2):
1854 to 1856= 61 Paternoster Row, London


Reference:
Arthur Thomas Malkin, The Gallery of Portraits with memoirs, Volume 3, London, 1834 pp 12-19
David Brewster, Treatise on the Kaleidoscope, 1819
J. A. Bennet, The Divided Circle, A history of instruments for astronomy navigation and surveying, Christies Ltd, England, 1987
Myles W Jackson, Spectrum of Belief, Joseph Von Fraunhofer and the craft of precision optics, MIT Press, USA, 2000
Webster Signature Database, available at: http://historydb.adlerplanetarium.org/signatures/
Julian Holland's work on scientific instrument makers, available at:
www.usyd.edu.au/museums/whatson/exhibitions/kater1.shtml

Written by Erika Dicker, Assistant Curator, November 2007.

These magic lantern slides were used at Sydney Observatory between 1858 and 1900.

Magic lantern single rackwork glass slides (8), showing various astronomical events and cycles, wood / glass / metal, made by Dollond, London, England, 1758-1856, used at Sydney Observatory, New South Wales, Australia, 1858-1900

The models consist of various arrangements of painted glass plates within a brass frame. Light shines through the plates and illuminates the model. The brass frame has teeth around its edge, allowing it to be turned by a gear handle. The whole is contained with a rectangular wood frame.
(-1) Model demonstrating day and night
(-2) Model demonstrating the phases of the moon and tides
(-3) Model showing the movement of a comet in relation to the sun
(-4) Model showing the annual and diurnal motion of the Earth
(-5) Model showing the movement of the Poles and Seasons
(-6) Model demonstrating the movement of Venus
(-7) Model demonstrating that the Earth is round
(-8) Model showing the phases of the moon and the tides

Made: Dolland; London, England; 1750 - 1850

(-1) Label, giving manufacturer's name, location and model's title, on the back of the wood frame, green paper printed in black "DAY (illegible) HT,/ Illustrated by the Rotation of the EA (illegible) upon its Axis, and the Rising/ and Setting of the SUN demonstrated./ DOLLOND, LONDON."
(-2) Label, giving manufacturer's name, location and the model's title, back of the wood frame, green paper printed in black "THE TIDES/ Spring and Neap -- occasioned by the attractive influence of the SUN/ and MOON; also showing the Phases of the Moon./ DOLLOND, LONDON."
(-3) Label, giving manufacturer's name, location and the model's title, back of the wood frame, green paper printed in black "A COMET/ Excentrically passing throught the SOLAR SYSTEM- its tail invariably/ being opposed to the SUN./ DOLLAND, LONDON."
(-4) Label, giving manufacturer's name, location and the model's title, back of the wood frame, green paper printed in black "ANNUAL AND DIURNAL MOTIONS OF/ THE EARTH./ The EARTH represented in its Orbit around the SUN attended by the/ MOON performing her Monthly Revolution./ DOLLAND, LONDON."
(-5) Label, giving manufacturer's name, location and the model's title, back of the wood frame, green paper printed in black "THE SEASONS/ Demonstrated by the parallel inclination of the Poles of the EARTH in all parts of her Orbit./ DOLLOND, LONDON."
(-6) Label, giving manufacturer's name, location and the model's title, back of the wood frame, green paper printed in black "THE PLANET VENUS,/ Exhibiting the phenomena of the apparently Direct, Stationary and/ Retrograde Motions./ DOLLOND, LONDON."
(-7) Label, giving manufacturer's name, location and the model's title, back of the wood frame, green paper printed in black "ROTUNDITY OF THE EARTH,/ Proved by the fact, that the Hull of a Ship is the part first lost sight of/ when putting out to Sea./ DOLLOND, LONDON."
(-8) Label, giving model's title, front of the wood frame, brown paper printed in black "This Diagram illustrates the (illegible)use (illegible)f Spring and Neap/ Tides, and shews the moon's Phases during its revolu(illegible)."

H10273

1750 - 1850